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61 доминирование
dominance, dominationcм.также иерархия социальная, ранг социальный"Dominance" has in fact been measured in many different ways—in terms of some aspect of agonistic behaviour, in terms of priority of access to an incentive such as food or a mate, or in terms of the part played in some other type of interaction such as social grooming .Русско-английский словарь по этологии (поведению животных) > доминирование
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62 например
for example, say, for instance, e.g.Let the dependent variable, say y(x), be defined...--- Пусть зависимая переменная, например y(x), определяется... Consider, for example, the following poem by Wordsworth. Ideally, it should separate clauses or phrases that are similar in importance and in grammatical construction, e.g. "To err is human; to forgive, divine."
Если 'e.g.' стоит в начале обособленного оборота (в скобках или без скобок), оно не отделяется от оборота запятой (в каноническом британском английском)The verbal ending -yse (e.g. in analyse, catalyse, paralyse) is not a suffix but part of the Greek stem -lyse. --- Глагольное окончание -yse (например, в analyse, catalyse, paralyse) является не суффиксом, а частью греческой основы -lyse.Many countries of Asia, e.g. India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, were once ruled by European powers. --- Многие страны Азии, например Индия, Индонезия и Малазия, когда-то были под властью европейских держав.Иначе 'e.g.' отделяется запятыми с обеих сторон.This word used, e.g., in his book. --- Это слово использовалось, например, в его книге.В американском английском запятая после 'e.g.' обычно ставится.'Shell out' means to spawn an interactive subshell from within a program (e.g., a mailer or editor).Русско-английский словарь механических и общенаучных терминов > например
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63 элемент
1. м. element, componentэлемент; работающий в предельном режиме — marginal component
элемент, работающий в предельном режиме — marginal component
2. м. cellмагнитная ячейка; магнитный элемент — static magnetic cell
3. м. device, unit; elementтуннельный прибор; туннельный элемент — tunnel effect device
считывающий элемент; считывающее устройство — reader element
4. м. мат. element, quantity; partадаптивный элемент; адаптивное устройство — adaptive element
5. м. вчт. entryвычислительный элемент — computer element; computing element
исходный элемент — parent element; original element
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64 фаза
phase
величина, определяющая состояние колебательного процесса в каждый момент времени. — fractional part of a period through which the independent variable has advanced.
- впуска (пд) — intake period
- выхода на глиссаду — glide capture phase
- полета (следования) по глиссаде — glide slope phase
выдерживание командной планки (тангажа) в фазе следования по глиссаде предотвращает отклонение самолета от луча грм. — keeping the command bar cenfered during glide slope phase will bring the airplane back to the gs beacon beam.
опережение по ф. — phase advance
отставание по ф. — phase lag
сдвиг по ф. (смещение ф.) — phase shift
чередование ф. — phase sequenceРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > фаза
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65 Armstrong, Edwin Howard
[br]b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USAd. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA[br]American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.[br]Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.Bibliography1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.Further ReadingL.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).KFBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard
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66 Bachelier, Nicolas
SUBJECT AREA: Canals[br]b. 1485d. prior to December 1557 Toulouse, France[br]French surveyor, architect and mason.[br]Between 1515 and 1522 Francis I of France became ruler of part of Italy, including Milan. He discussed with Leonardo da Vinci the possibility of providing canals in France similar to those constructed or under construction in Italy. One idea was to provide a link between the Garonne at Toulouse and the Aude at Carcassonne. In 1539 Bachelier and his colleague Arnaud Casanove, who described themselves as "expert levellers", proposed a survey of the Toulouse to Carcassonne route and also suggested that barges could either float down the Garonne to Bordeaux or could travel along a canal dug parallel to the river. Francis I authorized them to do the work and approved the plans, which comprised a lock-free canal of variable depth, when they had completed them. However, their plans were hopelessly inaccurate, and nothing was done. In 1598 Henri IV re-examined the plans, but it was left to Pierre Paul Riquet in 1662 to reassess the concept of a Biscay-to- Mediterranean waterway.[br]Further ReadingH.Graillet, 1914, Nicolas Bachelier, imagier et maçon de Toulouse. B.Lavigne, 1879, Etude biographique sur Nicolas Bachelier.JHB -
67 Richard of Wallingford, Abbot
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 1291/2 Wallingford, Englandd. 23 May 1336 St Albans, Hertfordshire, England[br]English cleric, mathematician and astronomer who produced the earliest mechanical clock of which there is detailed knowledge.[br]Richard, the son of a blacksmith, was adopted by the Prior of Wallingford when his father died and educated at Oxford. He then joined the monastery at St Albans and was ordained as a priest in 1317. After a further period at Oxford studying mathematics and astronomy he returned to St Albans as Abbot in 1327. Shortly after he had been elected Abbot he started work on a very elaborate astronomical clock. The escapement and the striking mechanism of this clock were unusual. The former was a variation on the verge escapement, and the hour striking (up to twenty-four) was controlled by a series of pins laid out in a helical pattern on a drum. However, timekeeping was of secondary importance as the main purpose of the clock was to show the motion of the Sun, Moon and planets (the details of the planet mechanism are lost) and to demonstrate eclipses. This was achieved in a very precise manner by a series of ingenious mechanisms, such as the elliptical wheel that was used to derive the variable motion of the sun.Richard died of leprosy, which he had contracted during a visit to obtain papal confirmation of his appointment, and the clock was completed after his death. The last recorded reference to it was made by John Leyland, shortly before the dissolution of the monasteries. It is now known only from incomplete manuscript copies of Richard's treatise. A modern reconstruction has been made based upon J.D.North's interpretation of the manuscript.[br]BibliographyFor the drafts of Richard's Treatise on the Clock, with translation and commentary, see J.D.North, 1976, Richard of Wallingford, 3 vols, Oxford.Further ReadingSee J.D.North's definitive work above: for biographical information see Vol. 2, pp. 1–16. Most of the shorter accounts appeared before the publication of North's treatise and are therefore of more limited use.G.White, 1978, "Evolution of the epicyclic gear—part 2", Chartered Mechanical Engineer (April): 85–8 (an account of Richard's use of epicyclic gearing).DVBiographical history of technology > Richard of Wallingford, Abbot
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68 система с распределенными параметрами
1. distributed-parameter system2. distributed parameter systemРусско-английский научный словарь > система с распределенными параметрами
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69 Self
There are some philosophers who imagine we are every moment intimately conscious of what we call our SELF; that we feel its existence and its continuance in existence; and are certain, beyond the evidence of a demonstration, both of its perfect identity and simplicity....For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call myself, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe anything but the perception....[S]etting aside some metaphysicians... I may venture to affirm, of the rest of mankind, that they are nothing but a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement. Our eyes cannot turn in their sockets without varying our perceptions. Our thought is still more variable than our sight; and all our other senses and faculties contribute to this change; nor is there any single power of the soul, which remains unalterably the same, perhaps for one moment. The mind is a kind of theatre, where several perceptions successively make their appearance, pass, re-pass, glide away, and mingle in an infinite variety of postures and situations. There is properly no simplicity in it at any one time, nor identity in different, whatever natural propensity we may have to imagine that simplicity and identity. The comparison of the theatre must not mislead us. [It is merely] the successive perceptions... that constitute the mind; nor have we the most distant notion of the place where the scenes are represented, or of the materials of which it is composed. (Hume, 1978, pp. 251-256)To find wherein personal identity consists, we must consider what person stands for; which, I think, is a thinking intelligent being that has reason and reflection and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing in different times and places; which it does only by that consciousness which is inseparable from thinking and, as it seems to me, essential for it-it being impossible for anyone to perceive without perceiving that he does perceive.When we see, hear, smell, taste, feel, meditate, or will anything, we know that we do so. Thus it is always as to our present sensations and perceptions; and by this everyone is to himself that which he calls self, not being considered in this case whether the same self be continued in the same or different substances. For since consciousness always accompanies thinking, and it is that which makes everyone to be what he calls self, and thereby distinguishes himself from all other thinking things, in this alone consists personal identity, i.e., the sameness of a rational being. And as far as this consciousness can be extended backwards to any past action or thought, so far reaches the identity of that person. It is the same self now it was then, and it is by the same self as this present one that now reflects on it, that action was done. (Locke, 1975, Bk. II, Chap. 27, Sec. 9-10)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Self
См. также в других словарях:
variable part — variable part. См. вариабельная часть [молекулы]. (Источник: «Англо русский толковый словарь генетических терминов». Арефьев В.А., Лисовенко Л.А., Москва: Изд во ВНИРО, 1995 г.) … Молекулярная биология и генетика. Толковый словарь.
variable — [ varjabl ] adj. et n. • fin XII e; lat. variabilis 1 ♦ Qui est susceptible de se modifier, de changer souvent au cours d une durée. ⇒ changeant, 1. incertain, instable. Temps variable. N. m. Météor. L aiguille du baromètre est au variable, sur… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Variable bitrate — (VBR) is a term used in telecommunications and computing that relates to the bitrate used in sound or video encoding. As opposed to constant bitrate (CBR), VBR files vary the amount of output data per time segment. VBR allows a higher bitrate… … Wikipedia
Variable retention — is a relatively new silvicultural system that follows nature s model by always retaining a significant part of the forest after harvesting. Variable retention harvests serve to promote desired natural regeneration while preserving unique features … Wikipedia
Variable displacement — is an automobile engine technology that allows the engine displacement to change, usually by deactivating cylinders, for improved fuel economy. The technology is primarily used in large, multi cylinder engines. Many automobile manufacturers have… … Wikipedia
Variable universal life insurance — (often shortened to VUL) is a type of life insurance that builds a cash value. In a VUL, the cash value can be invested in a wide variety of separate accounts, similar to mutual funds, and the choice of which of the available separate accounts to … Wikipedia
variable — [ver′ē ə bəl, var′ē ə bəl] adj. [ME < MFr < L variabilis] 1. apt or likely to change or vary; changeable, inconstant, fickle, fluctuating, etc. 2. that can be changed or varied 3. Biol. tending to deviate in some way from the type; aberrant … English World dictionary
Variable air volume — (VAV) is a technique for controlling the capacity of a heating, ventilating, and/or air conditioning (HVAC) system. The simplest VAV system incorporates one supply duct that, when in cooling mode, distributes approximately convert|55|F supply air … Wikipedia
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variable region — n the part of the polypeptide chain of a light or heavy chain of an antibody that ends in a free amino group NH2, that varies greatly in its sequence of amino acid residues from one antibody to another, and that prob. determines the conformation… … Medical dictionary
variable pay — UK US noun [U] HR, FINANCE ► a part of someone s pay that is based on how well they do their job: »A high level of variable pay will lead to large differences in total remuneration … Financial and business terms
